ġ ƹ ̾ ڡ 1949 ̷ 2, 3 1973 4 ߴ. 4ǡ ̾ ƻ ̶ ǰ ִ. 2016 ̽ ũ ߰ ֽ Ǿ ̱ ֽĽ ִ ̾ ѱ ֽĽ ʴ´ٴ ǰ Ҵ ̾ ƻ Ͽ 4ǡ, ̾ ̷ ѱ ֽĽ忡 Ͽ Բ ߴ. ڡ ʺ ڵ ϰ ֵ ȳϴ ڼ. Ǻм ٷ ʰ, ַ Ģ µ ٷ ִ. ڸ ڿ ڷ ڸ ؾ ϴ ´ Ģ ϰ ִ. ڡ 70 ݱ ð پѾ ְ ġ ϴ ڼ̸, ڼ ߿ ܿ ְ ڼ ̴.
, ν, , 翣 ̱ ϴ ūյ , ʷ ո̰ ö. 1894 5 8 ε 87 ¾ ״ øп ΰ ÷ п ٽ ߴ. 1914 ÷ ϸ鼭 , , ö 3 а ϰ ƮƮ Ǻм Ȱ ߴ. 1919 25 ̷ 60 ̸ , 1926 ̾-(Graham-Newman) ȸ縦 1957 ͷ ϸ 濵ؿ Ϳ ȸ縦 ѱ ߴ.
1927 1957 ÷ б 濵п ڷ Ͽ , ν, , 翣 ڸ Ű´. 1934 ̺ Ǻм(Security Analysis) Ⱓ߰. 1949 Ⱓ (The Intelligent Investor) ùٸ ٹ ְ ħμ 'ֽ ڼ پ å'̶ ް ִ. 簡ġ ΰ ̸鼭 ڼ ø ġڷ ǥǴ ⺻ м ΰ ִ.